Environment and Geography

Explore the physical, political, and human geography of North Africa, West Asia, Central Asia, and the wider Islamic world

Historical Maps

Pre-Islam

Middle East in the 6th Century CE

Arabia before the Muslim Conquests

Byzantine and Sasanian Empires

Emergence of Islam; Umayyad and Abbasid Empires

Muhammad's Mission and Campaigns to 632 CE

Islamic Expansion in the Time of Muhammad and the First Four Caliphs

Islamic Empire to 750 CE

Expansion in the East to 750 CE (with arrows, years, major battles)

Umayyad Empire/Caliphate (661-750 CE) - Expansion East

Islamic Expansion West (643-732 CE)

Abbasid Empire/Caliphate - Administrative Divisions (786-809 CE)

Abbasid Empire/Caliphate (ca. 850 CE)

Mediterranean in the 9th Century CE