Environment & Geography

Environment & Climate

Lesson Plan: Climate Change in the Middle East

Historical Maps

Pre-Islam

• Middle East in the 6th Century CE

• Arabia before the Muslim Conquests

• Byzantine and Sasanian Empires

Emergence of Islam; Umayyad and Abbasid Empires

• Muhammad's Mission and Campaigns

• Islamic Expansion in the Time of Muhammad and the First Four Caliphs

• Islamic Empire to 750 CE

• Expansion in the East to 750 CE (with arrows, years, major battles)

• Umayyad Empire/Caliphate (661-750 CE) - Expansion East

• Islamic Expansion West (643-732 CE)

• Abbasid Empire/Caliphate - Administrative Divisions (786-809 CE)

• Abbasid Empire/Caliphate (ca. 850 CE)

• Mediterranean in the 9th Century CE

Abbasid Empire Disintegrates

• Tahirid Emirate (822-873 CE)

• Saffarid (867-908 AD) and Tulunid (868-905 AD) Emirates

• Samanid Emirate (ca. 930 CE)

• Ikhshidid Wilayah (935-969 CE) and Hamdanid Emirate (929-1003 CE)

• Fatimid Empire/Counter-Caliphate (969-1171 CE) and Buyid/Buwayhid Emirate (934-1055 CE)

• Umayyad Spain in the 9th and 10th Centuries (two maps)

• Islamic Imprint on West Asia and North Africa (ca. 800-1200 CE)

Middle Periods of Islamicate Civilization

• Ghaznavid Sultanate (997-1186 CE)

• Great Saljuq Empire on the Eve of the Crusades (ca. 1090 CE)

• Saljuqs of Anatolia (11th and 12th Centuries CE)

• Party Kings of Islamic Spain (two maps)

• Almoravid Sultanate (1061-1147 CE)

• Early and Later Crusades (two maps)

• Muslim Near East (1127-1174 CE)

• Crusader Principalities and the Empire of Salah al-Din

• Fortifications of the Crusader States (1100-1170 CE)

• Salah al-Din and the Ayyubid Sultanate (1169-1193 CE)

• Ayyubid Expansion (1174-1193 CE)

• Ghurid Sultanate of Afghanistan (ca. 1190 CE)

• Mediterranean in the Early 13th Century

• Spanish Reconquista (1080-1275 CE)

• Spanish Reconquista (13th and 14th Centuries)

• Ghana and Mali States of West Africa (1000-1350 CE)

• Mongol Campaigns in Russia (1223-1240 CE)

• Mongol Invasion of Western Asia (1219-1260 CE)

• Mongol Campaigns across Asia to 1260 CE (three maps)

• Mongol Campaigns in the Middle East 1255-1260 CE

• Mongol Empire (ca. 1260 CE)

• Rise of the Mamluk Sultanate (1250-1260 CE)

• Mamluks Conquer the Levantine Coast (1263-1291 CE)

• The Mamluk Sultanate (14th and 15th Centuries)

• Asia at the Death of Kublai Khan (1294 CE)

• Sufi Orders (1145-1389 CE)

• Travels of Ibn Battuta (1325-1354 CE)

• Ilkhanid Empire in the Early 14th Century CE

• Ilkhanid Successor States in the Late 14th Century

• Campaigns of Timur (1379-1405 AD)

• Later Timurid and Turkoman States (15th Century)

• Muslim India (1100-1485 CE)

• Evolution of the Delhi Sultanate (three maps)

• Sultanates of the Deccan (15th and 16th centuries)

• Indian Ocean Commodities and Trade (ca. 800-1300 CE)

• Africa (ca. 1400 CE)

• East African Slave Trade to 1500 CE

• Spread of Islam to 1500 CE

Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal Empires

• Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal Empires in the 16th and 17th Centuries

• Ottoman Sultanate to 1512

• Ottoman Empire in the 16th and 17th Centuries

• Growth of the Ottoman Empire

• Ottoman Expansion 1451-1566

• Ottoman Defeat in Europe 1683-1718

• Ottoman-Christian Frontier 1500-1575

• Ottoman Empire at its Greatest Extent (1683-1699)

• Safavid Empire in the 16th and 17th Centuries

• Portuguese Overseas Empire (1498-1598)

• Expansion of Russia (1505-1590)

• Expansion of Russia in Asia (two maps)

• Zunghar Empire (1500-1750)

• Mughal Empire (1526-1707)

• Stages of Mughal Expansion 1526-1707 (two maps)

• Evolution of the Mughal Empire (four maps)

• Spread of Islam in the Indonesian Archipelago

• Sultanates of Malaysia and Indonesia (16th and 17th Centuries)

• Islamic World (ca. 1700)

• Iran in the 18th Century

• British in India (1750-1792)

Middle East and Islamicate World in Modern Times

• British Conquest of India (1753-1858)

• Expansion of Russia in Central Asia (1598-1914)

• Colonization of Indonesia (17th, 18th, and 19th Centuries)

• Ottoman Empire (18th, 19th, and 20th Centuries)

• Ottoman Empire 1798-1923

• British and Russian Influence in Iran (1800-1946)

• Islamic Revivalism in the 18th and 19th Centuries

• Middle East in the 19th Century

• North Africa in the 19th Century

• Africa after the Berlin Conference (1885)

• Northeast Africa 1840-1898

• Northwest Africa (ca. 1830)

• Northwest Africa to 1914

• Arabian Peninsula (ca. 1900)

• Saudi Conquest of the Arabian Peninsula

• North Africa and Saudi Arabia in the 20th Century

• Evolution of the Balkans and Anatolia 1878-1923 (three maps)

• Growth of Yishuv in Palestine (1881-1914)

• Last Years of Ottoman Rule of the Levantine Coast (1882-1916)

• Recession of Iranian Frontiers in the 19th Century

• Europeanization of the World at the Beginning of the 20th Century

• Europe in 1914

• Middle East during World War I

• Mesopotamia 1915-1918

• Arab State Outlined in Husayn-McMahon Correspondence

• Sykes-Picot Agreement (two maps)

• European Imperialism (ca. 1920)

• Treaty of Sèvres (1920)

• Turkish Revolution (1919-1923)

• New Middle East after World War I (ca. 1923)

• British and French Mandates (two maps)

• Opposition to the British and French Mandates

• Changing Demography in Palestine/Land of Israel 1922-1947 (two maps)

• Jewish Settlements in British Mandate for Palestine/Land of Israel (1947)

• Palestine Plan of Partition with Economic Union, Annex A to UN General Assembly Resolution 181 (II)

• Jewish Immigration to Israel (1948-2002)

• Muslim Migration into the European Union

• Middle East and Africa in the 20th Century

• Iran's Ethnic Distribution

• Middle East after the Fall of the Soviet Union